Bias in Recording History
English historians have often been guilty of emphasizing victories while giving little attention to defeats. The successes of Edward III
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The Limits of Physical Courage
Physical courage—sheer bravery in battle—is a quality shared by all soldiers, not just kings and nobles. In fact, most male
The Nature of Challenges in Medieval Warfare
In medieval Europe, sending a challenge for personal combat—called a cartel—was sometimes considered an appeal to heaven. It was a