The Limits of Physical Courage
Physical courage—sheer bravery in battle—is a quality shared by all soldiers, not just kings and nobles. In fact, most male […]
The Nature of Challenges in Medieval Warfare
In medieval Europe, sending a challenge for personal combat—called a cartel—was sometimes considered an appeal to heaven. It was a
Edward’s Strategic Approach
Edward III’s conduct during the siege demonstrates both military skill and careful planning. When he first attempted to take Calais
Doubts About Edward III’s Intentions
It has been questioned whether Edward III actually intended to have the citizens of Calais executed. The story comes mainly
Criticism Edward III
Some historians criticize Edward III for refusing to leave his entrenchments at Calais to fight Philip in a traditional battle,
Edward’s Orders to the Black Prince
During the battle, the Black Prince, Edward’s son, was leading the front line and faced heavy fighting. The soldiers near
Criticism of Edward III
An ingenious writer, M. de St. Foix, has suggested that Edward III was too careful with his own safety. According
Pride in Early Victories
The earlier portion of this historical period is one that the English can be justly proud of. Many historians and
Edward’s Homage to Philip VI
Some months after Philip of Valois became King Philip VI of France, Edward III did homage to him for his
Dispute After the Death of Louis X’s Son
After the death of King Louis X, his queen gave birth to a baby boy. For a short time, the